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The followers of the two popes were divided chiefly along national lines, thus the dual papacy fostered the political antagonisms of the time.

Some countries lost up to 30–40% of their population which brought about extreme social changes.Ĭhurch: The great Western Schism (Great Schism) was a split within the Roman Catholic Church (1378–1417) during which there were two rival popes from Rome and Avignon, each with his own following and administrative offices. Society: European society was deeply damaged by the Black Death (the bubonic plague pandemic) in the mid 14th century. From the late 13th to the early 17th century, it brought a renewed interest in Classical learning, first to Italy, and later to all western and central Europe. The following developments during this period are important for understanding how Renaissance diplomacy emerged:Ĭulture: Great writers, such as Francesco Petrarca, Dante Alighieri, and Giovanni Boccaccio, emerged in this period, and art reached its peak with Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Sandro Botticelli. The Renaissance (French: 'rebirth') was a period in European civilisation immediately following the Middle Ages.